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All Center Information by Audience Center Publications
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Information for Institutional ServicesHome and community-based services are increasingly popular as an alternative to institutions such as nursing homes and ICF-MR/DD facilities serving people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The Medicare (for the aged and disabled) and Medicaid (for individuals with low incomes) programs pay for some long term care services. Unfortunately, these public programs have been biased in favor of paying for institutional services more than for home and community services because institutional services are mandatory programs under the federal law for individuals who meet the eligibility criteria. Nursing home and home health services are paid for by Medicare for those individuals needing short-term rehabilitation care. Medicaid is a major payer for nursing home and home and community services including personal care for individuals who meet the low income criteria and need assistance. Access to Medicaid home and community services and personal care varies by state depending upon state policy decisions, whereas all states must offer nursing home and ICF-MR/DD services. In order to better understand home and community services, it is useful to compare these services to institutional care. The PAS Center has developed this section to provide detailed information on nursing homes and other institutional services. The information includes statistics on the supply, residents, and quality of services by state and across the nation. If you have other specific questions about institutional care, please contact us. State by State Data on Nursing HomesA new report has been completed by the University of California, San Francisco, showing trends in U.S. nursing homes by state for the 1999 through 2005. The data are from the federal On-Line Survey and Certification System (OSCAR) reports that are completed at the time of the annual nursing home surveys by state Licensing and Certification programs for the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Ombudsmen for Residents of Nursing Homes and Assisted LivingAn Ombudsman is an advocate for residents of nursing homes, board and care homes, and assisted living. They are authorized by federal and state law to provide information about:
The following link provides contact information for state Ombudsmen and Regional Offices. Contact Info for State Ombudsmen and Regional Offices. Additional information on what an Ombudsman does can be found at www.ltcombudsman.org State by State Nursing Home Staffing Standards ReportNursing facilities are required by federal regulation to meet minimum standards, which require a minimum of one registered nurse on duty eight hours per day seven days a week. Facilities must also have sufficient nursing staff to provide nursing and related services to attain or maintain the highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being of residents. Facilities must also provide sufficient numbers of licensed nursing personnel to provide care on a 24 hour basis to all residents in accordance with resident care plans. A number of states have developed staffing standards that have greater requirements than the federal standards. The following report shows the state staffing standards. Studies have also shown that states with higher staffing standards have more nursing hours of actual care for residents. The adequacy of nurse staffing levels continues to be a major concern in nursing homes and RN staffing levels have dropped by 25 percent since 2000. Advocates are continue to work on staffing improvements in nursing homes especially at the state level. State Statutes and Regulations report Nursing home Certification and ComplianceThe Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has recently released the 2007, Nursing Home Data Compendium. The compendium contains figures and tables presenting data on all residents in Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes in the United States. A series of graphs and maps high-lights some of the most interesting data, while detailed data are available in accompanying tables. The tables and figures in the compendium were compiled from CMS survey and certification administrative data and nursing home clinical data contained in the Minimum Data Set (MDS). The Compendium is available as a link from the bottom of the following page: Evaluation of California’s Long Term Care Reimbursement ActResearchers at the University of California released an evaluation of impact of California’s Long Term Care Reimbursement Act of 2004 (AB 1629) that showed that Medi-Cal costs for nursing homes increased by $590 million between 2004 and 2006 without improvements in quality or access to care. Total costs for California’s free-standing nursing homes were $6.6 billion in 2006. The Long Term Care Reimbursement Act was designed to improve the quality of nursing home care by increasing Medi-Cal reimbursement rates, using a payment system based on actual costs of care for each facility with certain costs ceilings. Implemented in 2004-05, the system raised Medi-Cal rates from $124 per day in 2004 to $152 per day in 2006. The report showed that access for Medi-Cal residents, quality of care in nursing homes did not improve between 2004 and 2006. Expenditures for administrative costs increased and net income margins improved over the period. Evaluation of California’s Long Term Care Reimbursement Act and Associated charts Reports and PublicationsA list of reports and publications produced by the Institutional Services project. The citations have links to press releases, abstracts, and either the entire publication or information on where to obtain it. All Institutional Services project reports and publications Recent additionsKang, T., & Harrington, C. 2008. Variation in types of service use and expenditures for individuals with developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal 1(2008) 30-41. Harrington, C., O’Meara, J., Collier, E., Kang, T., Stephens, C. & Chang, J. (2008) Impact of California’s Medi-Cal Long Term Care Reimbursement Act On Access, Quality and Costs. Published on the Center for PAS website. Swan, J.H., Harrington, C., Dryer, K., Pickard, R.B., Covert, J.M. & Gulur, P. (2007) Medicaid Nursing Facility Payment in the Face of State Fiscal Meltdown. Long Term Care Interface. In Press. LibraryCitations and abstracts of important publications related to Institutional Services. Information on how to obtain the complete text is provided with each citation. All Institutional Services publications Recent additions: Hershorn, M. (1993). The elusive population: Characteristics of attenders versus non-attenders for community mental health center intakes. Community Mental Health Journal. 29(1) 49-57. Sabata, D.; Bruce, C.; Sanford, J. 2006. Preparing Home Health Clients for Work Opportunities With Workplace Accommodation. Home Health Care Management & Practice. 19(1) 12-18. Houser, A.N. and Gibson, M.J. (2007). Valuing the Invaluable: A New Look at State Estimates of the Economic Value of Family Caregiving. Washington, D.C.: AARP Public Policy Institute. PresentationsA list of presentations given by the Institutional Services project with links to summaries and powerpoint files. All Institutional Services Presentations Recent additionsDellefield, M., & Harrington, C. (2007, November 17). Improving Quality: Work Sampling of Registered Nurse Work Activities. Poster.. Presented at the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America hosted by The Gerontological Society of America. Collier, E., & Harrington, C. (2007, November 17). Cross-sectional Analysis of Total deficiencies and Validated Complaints in Free-standing California Nursing Homes. Poster. Presented at the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America hosted by The Gerontological Society of America. Collier, E., & Harrington, C. (2007, November 17). Cross-sectional Analysis of Three Quality Measures in Free-standing California Nursing Homes. Poster. Presented at the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America hosted by The Gerontological Society of America. LinksA list of links to organizations, resources and information available on the web related to Institutional Services. All Institutional Services Links Recent additions: Proceedings from the 7th Annual Developmental Disabilities: An Update for Health Professionals This conference provides a practical and useful update for primary care and subspecialty physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals caring for children, youth, and adults with complex health care needs and disabilities. This year’s topics offer new perspectives, research findings, and clinical guidelines, plus an overview of relevant information for pediatricians, family physicians, internists and nurse practitioners who are involved in the care of individuals with autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities. The conference should also be of interest to those in allied health disciplines involved with mental and behavioral health, school health, special and vocational education, and social work professions.
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