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Yamada, Y. & Sekiya, M. (2003). Licensing and training requirements for direct care workers in Japan: what can the United States and Japan learn from each other? Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 15(4), 113-29.
Abstract
Shortages of direct care workers have been of concern both in the United States and in Japan. This article compares issues surrounding long-term care provisions in the two countries and introduces Japan's unique licensure and certificate system for direct care workers. Japan has established three levels of direct care worker certificates and a direct care licensure, which can be potentially used as a career ladder. Studies show that this system has resulted in different work conditions and benefits between different certificate and licensure levels but had a limited impact on hourly wage and task differentiation. Implications for the United States are also discussed.
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